Why so many people can’t make their
mind in pressure? Why few people are so confused and indecisive? Why is it so
hard for few people to decide on simple matter like whether to trust someone or
not? What makes them so indecisive and confused?
It is not actually their fault! It
is fault of the way the way their brain function. But on a second thought, that
way of function was developed because long lasting thinking patterns. But what
exactly wrong with indecisive people?
Lets learn the learn the reason behind indecisiveness,
watch
And bacteria have prokaryotic cell. Pro means primitive
So, here is the main difference.
Our cells have organized nucleus with nucleus membrane, but
bacteria don’t.
Prokaryotic Cells have organelles with dual layer membrane
like mitochondria, lisosome, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus etc, but
prokaryotes don’t.
Eukaryotic cell has 80S type ribosomes and prokaryotic cells
have 70S type.
For more details and explanation, watch the video.
Ocean
is full of ferocious predators, venomous animals which can kill a human within
few minutes. But we only need to worry about those which actually kill people.
This
article documented only few animals which are most dangerous to us and caused
many fatalities or serious injuries. Sea snakes are not included as they rarely
cause any fatality as they are not that aggressive towards human. But, they are
deadly, no doubt. One drop of Beaked sea snake venom can kill 3 men and a
mature beaked sea snake has enough to kill 39 adults.
And
killer whale, which many people think as one of deadliest predator, is not so
deadly for us. Study shows that human flesh doesn’t activate their taste buds,
means they are not at all interested in killing you unless you are bothering
him with a camera crew.
Here
are the dangerous creatures which are really deadliest to human.
Stingrays:
These are one of the most common groups of fish responsible for human envenomations; largely because many rays bury themselves on the seafloor and people unintentionally step on them. Stingray venom is generally cardiotoxic and not deadly. In fact, hot water can destroy the venom. The
venom composed of the enzymes 5-nucleotidase and phosphodiesterase and the
neurotransmitter serotonin. Serotonine
causes severe smooth muscle contract and
enzymes causes tissue death. But, if not treated immediately and venom enters
abdomen or chest cavity, it causes tissue death in vital organs. Besides, sharp
barbs on the spine often cause serious injuries. The sharp tip enters flesh
smoothly and then tears every muscle in its way out. So, strike of its spine
can cause severe tissue damage, bleeding and even death without using a drop of
venom.
Stone fish:
It
is considered one of the most venomous fishes. In fact, few people gave it
title of most venomous fish. As they look like stone, people often step on
them. It has stout dorsal fin spines which inject the venom. It generally
delivers neurotoxin which acts on nervous system. A sting from one of these
fish can cause severe pain, rapid swelling, tissue death, muscle weakness,
temporary paralysis, and in few cases, death.
Pufferfish:
It
is actually more venomous than stone fish but it rarely come in contact of
human. It delivers a very powerful
neurotoxin known as tedrodotoxin. It has no antivenom. It will inhibit neural
transmission leading to weakness, paralysis, respiratory failure, and death.
Cone snail:
This
colorful marine snail has the fastest acting venom in the world which kills you
in 2 to 3 minutes. And they have more than 100 fatal neurotoxins in their
arsenal. They also inject a pain killer along which that venom cocktail. It
means would not feel pain when it stings you. And its venom will stop function
of nervous system and cause respiratory failure before victim can take any
measure. So, don’t pick colorful snails on beach.
Blue ring octopus:
It
very small and colorful octopuses also delivers tedrodotoxin like the
pufferfish. But they caused more deaths,
around 16. With no antivenom available their sting means death by respiratory
and nervous system failure.
Shark:
Sharks
are known for their aggressive nature specially the fearsome trio, tiger shark,
bull shark and the great white. As they are found in areas where humans enter
the water, they had caused many injuries and even fatalities. Till 2014,
around 548 fatal shark attacks are recorded and most those include one of these
three, specially bull and great white.
Saltwater Crocodile:
It
grows upto 20 feet and known for its aggressiveness. They cause 106 deaths only
in Australia during 1970 to 2013 time periods. They have most powerful bite,
ever measured, even stronger than shark bite. Their jaw shut with 3,700 pounds per
square inch or 16,460 newtons of bite force, powerful enough to crush bones.
Box Jellyfish:
It
is one of the most venomous animals in the planet. It grow up to 20 cm and the tentacles can grow up to3 meter. The tentacles have nematocyst cells for venom
production. This killer jellyfish delivers a cocktail of neurotoxins,
cardiotoxin and tissue killer chemical. Means the victim will feel weakness,
severe pain, high blood pressure, and may die from cardiac arrest.
There
are almost 60 fatal cases, but real number is much higher.
So,
if you ever feel like going to ocean, be alert to avoid contact with one of
these killers.
How much
memory our brain can store or how many gigabyte of space is there in our brain?
The concept
of storing data in our brain isn’t like storing data in hard drive at all.
In Hard
disk, Data is stored digitally in the form of tiny magnetized regions on the platter
where each region represents a bit.
How data is stored in hard- drive
But in our
brain data is stored as circuit of neurons.
During
memory recall, electricity flows through the neural pathway associated with the
memory.
Few scientists
claim our brain may have up to 100 billion neurons and each can make upto 1000
links, so 100 billion x 1000 = 100 trillion.
Many say, Neurons
can combine with each-other to make very complex circuits which increases the
estimation of memory many fold, as high as many petabytes, enough to record TV programs
in HD for few hundred years.
But they were
quick to admit that all this calculations are way too unreliable.
Our brain can't be compared to any other storage devices:
What we
store in hard disk is there in form of 0, 1.
But our
memory recreate itself on every recall because our brain stores different data
in different places like visual data in visual cortex, memory of smell, sound, touch etc are stored in different parts of brain, amygdale stores emotions
etc. So, recalling a whole event caused reassemble of data. That is why our
memory changes a little every time we recall.
A memory is stored as collection of scattered fragment and reassembled on recall
For us,
remembering means reconstruction of memory from scattered fragments.
You can say
Jurassic Park 4 movie is 16 gb. But when u recalling whole movie ur brain
recreating it on-the-fly, that’s why it may be little different from real one
though u didn’t missed a scene.
Say, u try
to recall Jurassic park 3 after that, brain would use many common fragments to
recreate it.
So, in your
hard drive Jurassic Park 3 and 4 may be 14gb + 16gb, but in your brain those
are fragmented data and brain have enough capacity to reconstruct them to a full
movie. That is why every time you recall the movie some of the details would be
little different or absent.
In 2012, IBM successfully simulate 530 billion neurons and 100 trillion
synapses using Blue Gene/Q super computer, still it was 1500 times slower than
human brain, ignoring the fact, our brain process much complex inputs and
routines.
Brain vs IBM super computer and brain win by miles
Our brain
is so efficient that recalling memory is rethinking and reconstructing it
on-the-fly from tiny bits and pieces, not lame like just reading data from a
disc.
That means
our brain can’t be measured in gb or tb.
Forgotten,
lost memories have been successfully retrieved through hypnosis which is
evident that we normally don’t forget long-term memories.
We don't lose long-time memory, we lose retrieval cues
As our
brain is constantly changing with every information and memory, we sometimes
lose retrieval cue to some memory.
Watch to understand how our memory works and How memory is stored-retrieved and memory capacity of our brain:
Whenever we
hear the word ‘chemical’, we imagine of acid eating metals or corrosive alkali
which burns our skin or colorful liquids in test-tubes. Most of us pretty much
know by instinct that we should be careful in chemistry lab as there are
sulphuric acid, nitric acid and many other chemicals which can give you painful
chemical burn. But most of us have no idea how the most dangerous most
hazardous chemicals are. You probably haven’t seen those chemicals in real life
and after reading this you would wish that you never come close to them.
The list of
most dangerous chemicals consist of chemical which can blow you into pieces if
you just touch it or kill you instantly if you just inhale it or it can burn
down everything or eat through glass, concrete as if they are cotton candy. Few
of them are so dangerous that no scientists want them in his lab.
RMX
It belongs
to same family as RDX but much stronger than it. RMX is heavily used in C4
devices and missiles. It’s heck of an explosive.
Azidoazide
Azide:
It was
first produced in a German lab during a US-German project to produce high
energy compound. It is little too high. German scientist reported that
sensitivity of this compound is beyond measurement. It explodes if you touch
it, move it, expose to bright light or heat or just do nothing. So, in
conclusion, no matter what they do, it is going to explode.
Its
molecule has 14 nitrogen atoms bonding with each-other through single bond or
double bond. So, all nitrogen atoms want to attain the most stable state i.e.
triple bond with another nitrogen atom. Hence, molecules are so unstable.
Fluroantimonic
acid: the Super Acid
It is the
most corrosive acid which eats through glass, concrete as if those are cotton
candies.
How
dangerous it is:
·It
explodes when it comes in contact of water and produce tremendous amount of
heat.
·Evolves
highly toxic vapors.
·Fluoroantimonic
acid is 2×1019 (20 quintillion) times stronger than 100% sulfuric acid.
Fluoroantimonic acid has a H0 (Hammett acidity function) value of
-31.3.
·Dissolves
glass and many other materials and protonates nearly all organic compounds (such
as everything in your body, it can even burn through your bones). This acid is
stores in PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) containers.
If you have
fascination for acid, it is highly recommended for you to ignore this fellow.
Chlorine Trifluoride: The most inflammable substance:
It can burn almost
everything, even things which are not considered burnable like stone, brick,
sand, asbestos etc. Chlorine
trifluoride's fluorination and oxidation power surpasses the oxidizing power of
oxygen. The fire it produced which is a fluronine fire can’t be extinguished by
general fire control or suppression system fire-brigade use. Means once it
starts burning it wouldn’t stop until turn everything to ash. During World War
II, Germans were planning to produce 90 ton of it per month to melt enemy
bunkers but in the end, this dangerous fire-child made even Nazis scared.
Dimethyl Cadmium: Pretty
much most toxic element:
Few microgram of this
compound in a cubic metre of air exceed the safety limit.
We know that cyanide
is an assassin. Let us compare this fellow to cyanide. Fatal dose of
cyanide is 1.5mg/kg body weight, means almost 100 mg potassium cyanide is required to
kill a 70kg person. But few mg of dimethyl cadmium is enough to
kill you. It get dissolved in blood quickly and travels to blood-rich organs
like heart, kidney, lungs and damage them. If you manage to survive that it
will bring you down with cancer. Cyanide works faster. Fatal cyanide dose kills in 10-15 sec but dimethyl cadmium takes much longer than that. You will be fine if cyanide dose is much lesser than its fatal dose as their is antidote. But one way or another, dimethyl cadmium will kill for
sure and nothing can stop it and not 100 mg, 1 mg is suffice for that task.
Watch:
Stay with 'The Journal' for weekly publications and feed your curiosity:
Our body has a clock of its own, often called our Biological
clock. It controls everything. From feeling hungry, to feeling active or sleepy,
all are controlled by this one clock.
Not only us, all the animals has a body clock which controls
their basic necessities i.e. eating, sleeping and mating. That clock is called circadian rhythm or
circadian clock. Now, this clock is old sun-dial. So, day-night cycle
influences the circadian clock.
Regulator of circadian clock or circadian is in
Hypothalamus, deep inside our brain.
SCN in Hypothalamus control Circadian Rhythm
Group of cell in hypothalamus known as
Suprachiasmatic nucleus or SCN control this clock. SCN is connected optic nerves of eyes. Hence it
adjusts our body clock with day-night cycle.
SCN tries to sync our Biological clock with Day-Night cycle
In morning, with exposure to light SCN instruct our body to
increase temperature, heart beat and blood pressure and get ready to for
action. Then it gradually stops melatonin secretion, the hormone which makes us
feel sleepy. With melatonin gone, we gets into top gear in late morning between
10 to 11 am.After sunset, in absence of natural light SCN instruct to release
melatonin. As melatonin rises during night we feel less active.
Circadian Rhythm
Consequences altering body Clock:
But, our body clock can be altered by ourselves. Like people
who does night shift can stay awakes whole night. But circadian circle doesn’t
only control sleep cycle, it also controls many other functions in body. So,
changing your sleep pattern can put sleep cycle out of sync with other
activities. So, when you try altering body clock you just mess up the
synchronization between brain and other organs. That is why people who do shift
works often experience a sleeping disorder named “Shift Work Sleeping disorder”.
Shift Work Sleeping Disorder
Shift Work Sleeping Disorder:
Because of changing shift they get obliged to sleep in
different times on different days. Hence, their body often has to adjust
against the scheduled made by their Biological clock. So, feel active or sleepy
on abnormal times as their circadian cycle gets messed up because of their
changing schedules.
They experience some drastic consequences of it.
Symptoms:
Feeling tired when they need to stay awake
Inability to sleep or being sleepy suddenly
Difficulty in concentration
Irritation, depression
Difficulty in coping up with situations and peoples
Jet Lag:
People who fly across the time zones frequently experiences
sleeping issues, tiredness, lack of concentration etc. That condition is called
Jet Lag. It is considered a circadian rhythm sleep disorder as it is caused by disturbance
in the internal body clock.
Reason of Jet Lag:
Say, you live in USA and you visit Japan. During your natural sleeping time, it is daytime in Japan. So your brain try to
make adjustment to keep you awake but your body wants sleep. Then again you change
your time zone. Say, you go to India. Again your body clock tries to make adjustment
for the 5-6 hour change in time because of sudden change of time zone. But this adjustments are not as easy to make as it sounds. This adjustments requires resetting
times of secretions of many hormones (like melatonin ) , synchronizing all
organ clocks with the change and that can’t be accomplished in just few
hours. So, you end up feeling fatigued, confused, having sleeping issues.
Pain is not a very
good feeling. In fact, we hate pain. But just like other feelings pain is also
product of our Mr.Brain’s magnificent electro-chemical expertise. Why the hell
brain creates such an intense unpleasant feeling which we hate so freaking much.
But pain may not be
good but it is necessary.
You are feeling pain means brain is informing you
that your body is taking some damage. If we touch a hot
thing or press our hand against a tip of needle unconsciously, our hand moves
away from it by itself. These automatic involuntary reflexes are for protection
of our body from harm.
Now, when you get a
cut, brain creates feeling of pain to draw your attention to that damaged part.
Its brain’s way to tell, ‘Your body suffered some damage and do something about
it!’
And pain is very
compelling; if there were no pain, we wouldn’t even bother treat a cut or even
worse. Few people has reduced sensation of pain because of mutation in SCN9A gen
and they can walk
around with broken ankle or deep wound without feeling much
pain but that injury becomes more serious over time. Luckily that condition is
found very rarely; so almost all us have our brain warn us through pain about
damages in our body.
Pain is for informing
you of damage or something wrong about in your body that is why in most of the diseases
we feel pain as our brain responds to unpleasant changes inside our body.
Now, how pain is
generated?
Our nerve receptors
are constantly picking up signals from outside world. There is a specialized
receptor called nociceptors for feeling of pain.
If you touch blunt edge
of a thing, you don’t feel pain as it is not doing any damage like penetrating
your skin to make nociception fire a signal. But if you touch pointy needle and
it penetrates your skin, that stimulation hits the nociceptive threshold and
then ‘ouch’. The nociceptor’s work is like sending SOS in distress and it makes
brain aware that “body is taking damage”.
Then some of your
tissues are damaged brain sends some tuning chemical at that place to lower the
nociceptve threshold of that area. That’s why a simple touch on a bruise hurts
like hell.
There are different
types of nociceptors :
Thermal nociceptors
are activated by too much heat or cold
Mechanical nociceptors
reacts when too much pressure or mechanical force doing damage like when
someone use you as punching bag.
Chemical nocicpetor
responses to unpleasant chemical changes
like you being poisoned or some bacteria is doing chemical party inside
you.
And sleeping
nociceptor which only activates when you are really injured and when this
silent daddy shouts shout in pain too.
Inflammation:
Generally damage cell
releases arachidonic acid.
It interacts with two
cyclo-oxygenase enzymes, COX1 and COX2.
And we get
prostaglandin which is culprit for inflammation, increased heartbeat.
Actually, in this
case, inflammation is our immune system’s response to presence of
prostaglandin.
How pain killer works?
We get prostaglandin
when arachidonic acid reacts with COX enzymes.
So, common painkillers
have chemicals which neutralize either arachidonic acid or COX enzyme.
Like aspirine has
salacin which produce salicylic acid and blocks cox 1.
Ibuprofen derived from
propionic acid blocks arachidonic acid.Paracetamol takes
charge after arachidonic acid merges with cox enzymes and it blocks effect of
created compound.
That is all for now. Please watch the video for simpler and complete explaination.
